The terminology surrounding PAM is rather confused. Neither Samar and Lai's original paper nor the XSSO specification made any attempt at formally defining terms for the various actors and entities involved in PAM, and the terms that they do use (but do not define) are sometimes misleading and ambiguous. The first attempt at establishing a consistent and unambiguous terminology was a whitepaper written by Andrew G. Morgan (author of Linux-PAM) in 1999. While Morgan's choice of terminology was a huge leap forward, it is in this author's opinion by no means perfect. What follows is an attempt, heavily inspired by Morgan, to define precise and unambiguous terms for all actors and entities involved in PAM.
The set of credentials the applicant is requesting from the arbitrator.
The user or entity requesting authentication.
The user or entity who has the privileges necessary to verify the applicant's credentials and the authority to grant or deny the request.
A sequence of modules that will be invoked in response to a PAM request. The chain includes information about the order in which to invoke the modules, what arguments to pass to them, and how to interpret the results.
The application responsible for initiating an authentication request on behalf of the applicant and for obtaining the necessary authentication information from him.
One of the four basic groups of functionality provided by PAM: authentication, account management, session management and authentication token update.
A collection of one or more related functions implementing a particular authentication facility, gathered into a single (normally dynamically loadable) binary file and identified by a single name.
The complete set of configuration statements describing how to handle PAM requests for a particular service. A policy normally consists of four chains, one for each facility, though some services do not use all four facilities.
The application acting on behalf of the arbitrator to converse with the client, retrieve authentication information, verify the applicant's credentials and grant or deny requests.
A class of servers providing similar or related functionality and requiring similar authentication. PAM policies are defined on a per-service basis, so all servers that claim the same service name will be subject to the same policy.
The context within which service is rendered to the applicant by the server. One of PAM's four facilities, session management, is concerned exclusively with setting up and tearing down this context.
A chunk of information associated with the account, such as a password or passphrase, which the applicant must provide to prove his identity.
A sequence of requests from the same applicant to the same instance of the same server, beginning with authentication and session set-up and ending with session tear-down.
This section aims to illustrate the meanings of some of the terms defined above by way of a handful of simple examples.
This simple example shows alice su(1)'ing to root.
% whoami alice % ls -l `which su` -r-sr-xr-x 1 root wheel 10744 Dec 6 19:06 /usr/bin/su % su - Password: xi3kiune # whoami root
The example below shows eve try to initiate an ssh(1) connection to login.example.com, ask to log in as bob, and succeed. Bob should have chosen a better password!
% whoami eve % ssh [email protected] [email protected]'s password: god Last login: Thu Oct 11 09:52:57 2001 from 192.168.0.1 Copyright (c) 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. FreeBSD 4.4-STABLE (LOGIN) #4: Tue Nov 27 18:10:34 PST 2001 Welcome to FreeBSD! %
The following is FreeBSD's default policy for sshd:
sshd auth required pam_nologin.so no_warn sshd auth required pam_unix.so no_warn try_first_pass sshd account required pam_login_access.so sshd account required pam_unix.so sshd session required pam_lastlog.so no_fail sshd password required pam_permit.so
This policy applies to the sshd service (which is not necessarily restricted to the sshd(8) server.)
auth, account, session and password are facilities.
pam_nologin.so, pam_unix.so, pam_login_access.so, pam_lastlog.so and pam_permit.so are modules. It is clear from this example that pam_unix.so provides at least two facilities (authentication and account management.)